Emergency Department/Urgent Care as Usual Source of Care and Clinical Outcomes in CKD: Findings From the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study.

Rationale & Objective: Having a usual source of care increases use of preventive services and is associated with improved survival in the general population. We evaluated this association in adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Study Design: Prospective, observational cohort study. Setting & Participants: Adults with CKD enrolled in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study. Predictor: Usual source of care was self-reported as: 1) clinic, 2) emergency department (ED)/urgent care, 3) other. Outcomes: Primary outcomes included incident end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), atherosclerotic events (myocardial infarction, stroke, or peripheral artery disease), incident heart failure, hospitalization events, and all-cause death. Analytical Approach: Multivariable regression analyses to evaluate the association between usual source of care (ED/urgent care vs clinic) and primary outcomes. Results: Among 3,140 participants, mean age was 65 years, 44% female, 45% non-Hispanic White, 43% non-Hispanic Black, and 9% Hispanic, mean estimated glomerular filtration rate 50 mL/min/1.73 m2. Approximately 90% identified clinic as usual source of care, 9% ED/urgent care, and 1% other. ED/urgent care reflected a more vulnerable population given lower baseline socioeconomic status, higher comorbid condition burden, and poorer blood pressure and glycemic control. Over a median follow-up time of 3.6 years, there were 181 incident end-stage kidney disease events, 264 atherosclerotic events, 263 incident heart failure events, 288 deaths, and 7,957 hospitalizations. Compared to clinic as usual source of care, ED/urgent care was associated with higher risk for all-cause death (HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.05-2.23) and hospitalizations (RR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.32-1.51). Limitations: Cannot be generalized to all patients with CKD. Causal relationships cannot be established. Conclusions: In this large, diverse cohort of adults with moderate-to-severe CKD, those identifying ED/urgent care as usual source of care were at increased risk for death and hospitalizations. These findings highlight the need to develop strategies to improve health care access for this high-risk population.

Preferences for and Experiences of Shared and Informed Decision Making Among Patients Choosing Kidney Replacement Therapies in Nephrology Care.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can progress rapidly, and patients are often unprepared to make kidney failure treatment decisions. We aimed to better understand patients' preferences for and experiences of shared and informed decision making (SDM) regarding kidney replacement therapy before kidney failure. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: Adults receiving nephrology care at CKD clinics in rural Pennsylvania. PREDICTORS: Estimated glomerular filtration rate, 2-year risk for kidney failure, duration and frequency of nephrology care, and preference for SDM. OUTCOMES: Occurrence and extent of kidney replacement therapy discussions and participants' satisfaction with those discussions. ANALYTIC APPROACH: Multivariable logistic regression to quantify associations between participants' characteristics and whether they had discussions. RESULTS: The 447 study participants had a median age of 72 (IQR, 64-80) years and mean estimated glomerular filtration rate of 33 (SD, 12) mL/min/1.73 m2. Most (96%) were White, high school educated (67%), and retired (65%). Most (72%) participants preferred a shared approach to kidney treatment decision making, and only 35% discussed dialysis or transplantation with their kidney teams. Participants who had discussions (n = 158) were often completely satisfied (63%) but infrequently discussed potential treatment-related impacts on their lives. In multivariable analyses, those with a high risk for kidney failure within 2 years (OR, 3.24 [95% CI, 1.72-6.11]; P < 0.01), longer-term nephrology care (OR, 1.12 [95% CI, 1.05-1.20] per 1 additional year; P < 0.01), and more nephrology visits in the prior 2 years (OR, 1.34 [95% CI, 1.20-1.51] per 1 additional visit; P < 0.01) had higher odds of having discussed dialysis or transplantation. LIMITATIONS: Single health system study. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients preferred sharing CKD treatment decisions with their providers, but treatment discussions were infrequent and often did not address key treatment impacts. Longitudinal nephrology care and frequent visits may help ensure that patients have optimal SDM experiences.

Improving Primary Care Delivery for Patients Receiving Maintenance Hemodialysis.

The beneficial impact of primary care, focused on all aspects of a patient's health (rather than a disease-specific focus) is well established. Recognized benefits include greater receipt of preventive care and counseling, lower use of emergency care and hospitalization for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions, and decreased early mortality. Although the importance of primary care and care coordination at the primary care/specialty interface is well recognized, the role of primary care within traditional and emerging care models for patients receiving in-center maintenance hemodialysis remains ill-defined. In this perspective article, we will describe: (1) the role of primary care for patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis and the current evidence regarding the receipt of primary care among these patients; (2) the key challenges to delivery of primary care in these complex cases, including suboptimal care coordination between nephrology and primary care providers, the intensity of dialysis care, and the limited capacity of nephrologists and primary care providers to meet the broad health needs of hemodialysis patients; (3) potential strategies for improving the delivery of primary care for patients receiving hemodialysis; and (4) future research requirements to improve primary care delivery for this high-risk population.

Impact of pre-dialysis nephrology care engagement and decision-making on provider and patient action toward permanent vascular access.

BACKGROUND: While catheters are often thought the result of emergency hemodialysis (HD) initiation among patients with little or no pre-dialysis nephrology care, the role of patient level of engagement in care and modality decision-making have not been fully explored. METHODS: This is a retrospective medical record review of adults (age 18-89 years) who received care in academically affiliated private practice, public hospital, or Veterans Administration settings prior to initiating HD with a catheter between 10/1/2011 and 9/30/2012. Primary predictors were level of patient engagement in nephrology care within 6 months of HD initiation and timing of modality decision-making. Primary outcomes were provider action (referral) and any patient action (evaluation by a vascular surgeon, vein mapping or vascular surgery) toward [arteriovenous fistula or graft, (AVF/AVG)] creation. RESULTS: Among 92 incident HD patients, 66% (n = 61) initiated HD via catheter, of whom 34% (n = 21) had ideal engagement in care but 42% (n = 25) had no documented decision. Providers referred 48% (n = 29) of patients for AVF/AVG, of whom 72% (n = 21) took any action. Ideal engagement in care predicted provider action (adjusted OR 13.7 [95% CI 1.08, 175.1], p = 0.04), but no level of engagement in care predicted patient action (p > 0.3). Compared to patients with no documented decision, those with documented decisions within 3, 3-12, or more than 12 months before initiating dialysis were more likely to have provider action toward AVF/AVG (adjusted OR [95% CI]: 9.0 [1.4,55.6], p = 0.2, 37.6 [3.3423.4] p = 0.003, and 4.8 [0.8, 30.6], p = 0.1, respectively); and patient action (adjusted OR [95% CI]: 18.7 [2.3, 149.0], p = 0.006, 20.4 [2.6, 160.0], p = 0.004, and 6.2 [0.9, 44.0], p = 0.07, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Timing of patient modality decision-making, but not level of engagement in pre-dialysis nephrology care, was predictive of patient and provider action toward AVF/AVG Interventions addressing patients' psychological preparation for dialysis are needed.

Social Determinants of Health as Potential Influencers of a Collaborative Care Intervention for Patients with Hypertension.

Objectives: The use of collaborative care teams, comprising nurse care managers and community health workers, has emerged as a promising strategy to tackle hypertension disparities by addressing patients' social determinants of health. We sought to identify which social determinants of health are associated with a patient's likelihood of engaging with collaborative care team members and with the nurse care manager's likelihood of enlisting community health workers (CHW) to provide additional support to patients. Methods: We conducted a within-group longitudinal analysis of patients assigned to receive a collaborative care intervention in a pragmatic, cluster randomized trial that aims to reduce disparities in hypertension control (N=888). Generalized estimating equations were used to identify which social determinants of health, reported on the study's baseline survey, were associated with the odds of patients engaging with the collaborative care intervention, and of nurses deploying community health workers. Results: Patients who were unable to work and those with higher health literacy were less likely to engage with the collaborative care team than those who were employed full time or had lower health literacy, respectively. Patients had a greater likelihood of being referred to a community health worker by their care manager if they reported higher health literacy, perceived stress, or food insecurity, while those reporting higher numeracy had lower odds of receiving a CHW referral. Implications/Conclusions: A patient's social determinants of health influence the extent of engagement in a collaborative care intervention and nurse care manager appraisals of the need for supplementary support provided by community health workers.

Hypoglycemia Communication in Primary Care Visits for Patients with Diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Hypoglycemia is a common and serious adverse effect of diabetes treatment, especially for patients using insulin or insulin secretagogues. Guidelines recommend that these patients be assessed for interval hypoglycemic events at each clinical encounter and be provided anticipatory guidance for hypoglycemia prevention. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and content of hypoglycemia communication in primary care visits. DESIGN: Qualitative study PARTICIPANTS: We examined 83 primary care visits from one urban health practice representing 8 clinicians and 33 patients using insulin or insulin secretagogues. APPROACH: Using a directed content analysis approach, we analyzed audio-recorded primary care visits collected as part of the Achieving Blood Pressure Control Together study, a randomized trial of behavioral interventions for hypertension. The coding framework included communication about interval hypoglycemia, defined as discussion of hypoglycemic events or symptoms; the components of hypoglycemia anticipatory guidance in diabetes guidelines; and hypoglycemia unawareness. Hypoglycemia documentation in visit notes was compared to visit transcripts. KEY RESULTS: Communication about interval hypoglycemia occurred in 24% of visits, and hypoglycemic events were reported in 16%. Despite patients voicing fear of hypoglycemia, clinicians rarely assessed hypoglycemia frequency, severity, or its impact on quality of life. Hypoglycemia anticipatory guidance was provided in 21% of visits which focused on diet and behavior change; clinicians rarely counseled on hypoglycemia treatment or avoidance of driving. Limited discussions of hypoglycemia unawareness occurred in 8% of visits. Documentation in visit notes had low sensitivity but high specificity for ascertaining interval hypoglycemia communication or hypoglycemic events, compared to visit transcripts. CONCLUSIONS: In this high hypoglycemia risk population, communication about interval hypoglycemia and counseling for hypoglycemia prevention occurred in a minority of visits. There is a need to support clinicians to more regularly assess their patients' hypoglycemia burden and enhance counseling practices in order to optimize hypoglycemia prevention in primary care.

Advanced CKD Care and Decision Making: Which Health Care Professionals Do Patients Rely on for CKD Treatment and Advice?

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) care is often fragmented across multiple health care providers. It is unclear whether patients rely mostly on their nephrologists or non-nephrologist providers for medical care, including CKD treatment and advice. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: Adults receiving nephrology care at CKD clinics in Pennsylvania. PREDICTORS: Frequency, duration, and patient-centeredness (range, 1 [least] to 4 [most]) of participants' nephrology care. OUTCOME: Participants' reliance on nephrologists, primary care providers, or other specialists for medical care, including CKD treatment and advice. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Multivariable logistic regression to quantify associations between participants' reliance on their nephrologists (vs other providers) and their demographics, comorbid conditions, kidney function, and nephrology care. RESULTS: Among 1,412 patients in clinics targeted for the study, 676 (48%) participated. Among these, 453 (67%) were eligible for this analysis. Mean age was 71 (SD, 12) years, 59% were women, 97% were white, and 65% were retired. Participants were in nephrology care for a median of 3.8 (IQR, 2.0-6.6) years and completed a median of 4 (IQR, 3-5) nephrology appointments in the past 2 years. Half (56%) the participants relied primarily on their nephrologists, while 23% relied on primary care providers, 18% relied on all providers equally, and 3% relied on other specialists. Participants' adjusted odds of relying on their nephrologists were higher for those in nephrology care for longer (OR, 1.08 [95% CI, 1.02-1.15]; P = 0.02), those who completed more nephrology visits in the previous 2 years (OR, 1.16 [95% CI, 1.05-1.29]; P = 0.005), and those who perceived their last interaction with their nephrologists as more patient-centered (OR, 2.63 [95% CI, 1.70-4.09]; P < 0.001). LIMITATIONS: Single health system study. CONCLUSIONS: Many nephrology patients relied on non-nephrologist providers for medical care. Longitudinal patient-centered nephrology care may encourage more patients to follow nephrologists' recommendations.

National Trends in the Association of Race and Ethnicity With Predialysis Nephrology Care in the United States From 2005 to 2015.

Importance: Predialysis nephrology care is associated with better survival among patients with end-stage kidney disease. Objective: To examine national trends in racial/ethnic disparities in receipt of predialysis nephrology care at least 1 year before dialysis initiation in the United States from 2005 to 2015. Design, Setting, and Participants: This national registry study assessed US registry data of 1 000 390 adults in the US Renal Data System who initiated maintenance dialysis treatment from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2015, in multiple cross-sectional analyses. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine national trends in racial/ethnic disparities in receipt of predialysis nephrology care with adjustments for potential confounders. Data were analyzed April 17, 2020. Exposure: Race/ethnicity of the patients. Main Outcomes and Measures: Receipt of at least 12 months of predialysis nephrology care as determined by clinician-based documentation on the End Stage Renal Disease Medical Evidence Report Form CMS 2728. Results: Among 1 000 390 adults (57.2% male; 54.6% White, 27.8% Black, 14.0% Hispanic, and 3.6% Asian; mean [SD] age, 62.4 [15.6] years) who initiated maintenance dialysis in the United States from 2005 to 2015, 310 743 (31.1%) received at least 12 months of predialysis nephrology care. In 2005 to 2007, compared with White adults, the adjusted odds ratio for receipt of at least 12 months of predialysis nephrology care was 0.82 (95% CI, 0.80-0.84) among Black adults, 0.67 (95% CI, 0.65-0.69) among Hispanic adults, and 0.84 (95% CI, 0.80-0.89) among Asian adults; in 2014 to 2015, the adjusted odds ratio was 0.76 (95% CI, 0.74-0.78) among Black adults, 0.61 (95% CI, 0.60-0.63) among Hispanic adults, and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.86-0.95) among Asian adults. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cross-sectional study of more than 1 million US adults with end-stage kidney disease, racial and ethnic disparities in predialysis nephrology care did not substantially improve from 2005 to 2015. Study findings suggest that national strategies to address racial/ethnic disparities in predialysis nephrology care are needed.

Potassium-Enriched Salt Substitutes as a Means to Lower Blood Pressure: Benefits and Risks.

Use of salt substitutes containing potassium chloride is a potential strategy to reduce sodium intake, increase potassium intake, and thereby lower blood pressure and prevent the adverse consequences of high blood pressure. In this review, we describe the rationale for using potassium-enriched salt substitutes, summarize current evidence on the benefits and risks of potassium-enriched salt substitutes and discuss the implications of using potassium-enriched salt substitutes as a strategy to lower blood pressure. A benefit of salt substitutes that contain potassium chloride is the expected reduction in dietary sodium intake at the population level because of reformulation of manufactured foods or replacement of sodium chloride added to food during home cooking or at the dining table. There is empirical evidence that replacement of sodium chloride with potassium-enriched salt substitutes lowers systolic and diastolic blood pressure (average net Δ [95% CI] in mm Hg: -5.58 [-7.08 to -4.09] and -2.88 [-3.93 to -1.83], respectively). The risks of potassium-enriched salt substitutes include a possible increased risk of hyperkalemia and its principal adverse consequences: arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death, especially in people with conditions that impair potassium excretion such as chronic kidney disease. There is insufficient evidence regarding the effects of potassium-enriched salt substitutes on the occurrence of hyperkalemia. There is a need for additional empirical research on the effect of increasing dietary potassium and potassium-enriched salt substitutes on serum potassium levels and the risk of hyperkalemia, as well as for robust estimation of the population-wide impact of replacing sodium chloride with potassium-enriched salt substitutes.

Awareness and Discussions About Chronic Kidney Disease Among African-Americans with Chronic Kidney Disease and Hypertension: a Mixed Methods Study.

BACKGROUND: Routine primary care visits provide an educational opportunity for African-Americans with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and CKD risk factors such as hypertension. The nature of patient-physician discussions about CKD and their impact on CKD awareness in this population have not been well explored. OBJECTIVE: To characterize patient CKD awareness and discussions about CKD between patients and primary care physicians (PCPs). DESIGN: Mixed methods study. PATIENTS: African-American patients with uncontrolled hypertension (≥ 140/90 mmHg) and CKD (albuminuria or eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2) recruited from an urban primary care clinic. MAIN MEASURES: We assessed patient CKD awareness with questionnaires and audio-recorded patients-PCP discussions during a routine visit. We characterized discussions and used multivariate regression analysis to identify independent patient and visit predictors of CKD awareness or CKD discussions. RESULTS: Among 48 African-American patients with uncontrolled hypertension and CKD, 29% were aware of their CKD. After adjustment, CKD awareness was associated with moderate-severe CKD (stages 3-4) (vs. mild CKD [stages 1-2]) (prevalence ratio [PR] 2.82; 95% CI 1.18-6.78) and inversely associated with diabetes (vs. without diabetes) (PR 0.28; 95% CI 0.10-0.75). CKD discussions occurred in 30 (63%) visits; most focused on laboratory assessment (n = 23, 77%) or risk factor management to delay CKD progression (n = 19, 63%). CKD discussions were associated with moderate-severe CKD (vs. mild CKD) (PR 1.57; 95% CI 1.04-2.36) and diabetes (vs. without diabetes) (PR 1.42; 95% CI 1.09-1.85), and inversely associated with uncontrolled hypertension (vs. controlled) (PR 0.58; 95% CI 0.92-0.89). In subgroup analysis, follow-up CKD awareness did not change by presence or absence of CKD discussion (10.5% vs. 7.7%, p = 0.8). CONCLUSIONS: In patients at risk of CKD progression, few were aware of CKD, and CKD discussions were not associated with CKD awareness. More resources may be needed to enhance the clarity of clinical messages regarding CKD and its significance for patients' health. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01902719.

Hypertension Self-management in Socially Disadvantaged African Americans: the Achieving Blood Pressure Control Together (ACT) Randomized Comparative Effectiveness Trial.

BACKGROUND: Effective hypertension self-management interventions are needed for socially disadvantaged African Americans, who have poorer blood pressure (BP) control compared to others. OBJECTIVE: We studied the incremental effectiveness of contextually adapted hypertension self-management interventions among socially disadvantaged African Americans. DESIGN: Randomized comparative effectiveness trial. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred fifty-nine African Americans at an urban primary care clinic. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomly assigned to receive (1) a community health worker ("CHW") intervention, including the provision of a home BP monitor; (2) the CHW plus additional training in shared decision-making skills ("DoMyPART"); or (3) the CHW plus additional training in self-management problem-solving ("Problem Solving"). MAIN MEASURES: We assessed group differences in BP control (systolic BP (SBP) < 140 mm Hg and diastolic BP (DBP) < 90 mmHg), over 12 months using generalized linear mixed models. We also assessed changes in SBP and DBP and participants' BP self-monitoring frequency, clinic visit patient-centeredness (i.e., extent of patient-physician discussions focused on patient emotional and psychosocial concerns), hypertension self-management behaviors, and self-efficacy. KEY RESULTS: BP control improved in all groups from baseline (36%) to 12 months (52%) with significant declines in SBP (estimated mean [95% CI] - 9.1 [- 15.1, - 3.1], - 7.4 [- 13.4, - 1.4], and - 11.3 [- 17.2, - 5.3] mmHg) and DBP (- 4.8 [- 8.3, - 1.3], - 4.0 [- 7.5, - 0.5], and - 5.4 [- 8.8, - 1.9] mmHg) for CHW, DoMyPART, and Problem Solving, respectively). There were no group differences in BP outcomes, BP self-monitor use, or clinic visit patient-centeredness. The Problem Solving group had higher odds of high hypertension self-care behaviors (OR [95% CI] 18.7 [4.0, 87.3]) and self-efficacy scores (OR [95% CI] 4.7 [1.5, 14.9]) at 12 months compared to baseline, while other groups did not. Compared to DoMyPART, the Problem Solving group had higher odds of high hypertension self-care behaviors (OR [95% CI] 5.7 [1.3, 25.5]) at 12 months. CONCLUSION: A context-adapted CHW intervention was correlated with improvements in BP control among socially disadvantaged African Americans. However, it is not clear whether improvements were the result of this intervention. Neither the addition of shared decision-making nor problem-solving self-management training to the CHW intervention further improved BP control. TRIAL REGISTRY: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01902719.

National Survey of Primary Care Physicians' Knowledge, Practices, and Perceptions of Prediabetes.

BACKGROUND: Despite strong evidence and national policy supporting type 2 diabetes prevention, little is known about type 2 diabetes prevention in the primary care setting. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to assess primary care physicians' knowledge and practice regarding perceived barriers and potential interventions to improving management of prediabetes. DESIGN: Cross-sectional mailed survey. PARTICIPANTS: Nationally representative random sample of US primary care physicians (PCPs) identified from the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile. MAIN MEASURES: We assessed PCP knowledge, practice behaviors, and perceptions related to prediabetes. We performed chi-square and Fisher's exact tests to evaluate the association between PCP characteristics and the main survey outcomes. KEY RESULTS: In total, 298 (33%) eligible participants returned the survey. PCPs had limited knowledge of risk factors for prediabetes screening, laboratory diagnostic criteria for prediabetes, and management recommendations for patients with prediabetes. Only 36% of PCPs refer patients to a diabetes prevention lifestyle change program as their initial management approach, while 43% discuss starting metformin for prediabetes. PCPs believed that barriers to type 2 diabetes prevention are both at the individual level (e.g., patients' lack of motivation) and at the system level (e.g., lack of weight loss resources). PCPs reported that increased access to and insurance coverage of type 2 diabetes prevention programs and coordination of referral of patients to these resources would facilitate type 2 diabetes preventive efforts. CONCLUSIONS: Addressing gaps in PCP knowledge may improve the identification and management of people with prediabetes, but system-level changes are necessary to support type 2 diabetes prevention in the primary care setting.

Primary care physicians' perceptions of barriers and facilitators to management of chronic kidney disease: A mixed methods study.

BACKGROUND: Given the high prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), primary care physicians (PCPs) frequently manage early stage CKD. Nonetheless, there are challenges in providing optimal CKD care in the primary care setting. This study sought to understand PCPs' perceptions of barriers and facilitators to the optimal management of CKD. STUDY DESIGN: Mixed methods study. SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS: Community-based PCPs in four US cities: Baltimore, MD; St. Louis, MO; Raleigh, NC and San Francisco, CA. METHODOLOGY: We used a self-administered questionnaire and conducted 4 focus groups of PCPs (n = 8 PCPs/focus group) in each city to identify key barriers and facilitators to management of patients with CKD in primary care. ANALYTIC APPROACH: We conducted descriptive analyses of the survey data. Major themes were identified from audio-recorded interviews that were transcribed and coded by the research team. RESULTS: Of 32 participating PCPs, 31 (97%) had been in practice for >10 years, and 29 (91%) practiced in a non-academic setting. PCPs identified multiple barriers to managing CKD in primary care including at the level of the patient (e.g., low awareness of CKD, poor adherence to treatment recommendations), the provider (e.g., staying current with CKD guidelines), and the health care system (e.g., inflexible electronic medical record, limited time and resources). PCPs desired electronic prompts and lab decision support, concise guidelines, and healthcare financing reform to improve CKD care. CONCLUSIONS: PCPs face substantial but modifiable barriers in providing care to patients with CKD. Interventions that address these barriers and promote facilitative tools may improve PCPs' effectiveness and capacity to care for patients with CKD.

Primary Care Physicians' Perceived Barriers to Nephrology Referral and Co-management of Patients with CKD: a Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND: Effective co-management of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) between primary care physicians (PCPs) and nephrologists is increasingly recognized as a key strategy to ensure the delivery of efficient and high-quality CKD care. However, the co-management of patients with CKD remains suboptimal. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to identify PCPs' perceptions of key barriers and facilitators to effective co-management of patients with CKD at the PCP-nephrology interface. STUDY DESIGN: Qualitative study SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Community-based PCPs in four US cities: Baltimore, MD; St. Louis, MO; Raleigh, NC; and San Francisco, CA APPROACH: We conducted four focus groups of PCPs. Two members of the research team coded transcribed audio-recorded interviews and identified major themes. KEY RESULTS: Most of the 32 PCPs (59% internists and 41% family physicians) had been in practice for > 10 years (97%), spent ≥ 80% of their time in clinical care (94%), and practiced in private (69%) or multispecialty group practice (16%) settings. PCPs most commonly identified barriers to effective co-management of patients with CKD focused on difficulty developing working partnerships with nephrologists, including (1) lack of timely adequate information exchange (e.g., consult note not received or CKD care plan unclear); (2) unclear roles and responsibilities between PCPs and nephrologists; and (3) limited access to nephrologists (e.g., unable to obtain timely consultations or easily contact nephrologists with concerns). PCPs expressed a desire for "better communication tools" (e.g., shared electronic medical record) and clear CKD care plans to facilitate improved PCP-nephrology collaboration. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions facilitating timely adequate information exchange, clear delineation of roles and responsibilities between PCPs and nephrologists, and greater access to specialist advice may improve the co-management of patients with CKD.

Sociodemographic and Kidney Disease Correlates of Nutrient Intakes Among Urban African Americans With Uncontrolled Hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the association between sociodemographic factors and intakes of 4 nutrients and associations between intakes and markers of kidney disease to identify opportunities to improve outcomes among clinically high-risk African Americans. DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of baseline data from the Achieving Blood Pressure Control Together study, a randomized controlled trial of 159 African Americans (117 females) with uncontrolled hypertension in Baltimore MD. To determine the association between sociodemographic factors and nutrient intakes, we constructed linear and logistic regression models. Using logistic regression, we determined the association between below-median nutrient intakes and kidney disease. Our outcomes of interest were daily intakes of vitamin C, magnesium, dietary fiber, and potassium as estimated by the Block Fruit-Vegetable-Fiber Screener and kidney disease defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 or urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >=30 mg/g. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: Baseline data from the Achieving Blood Pressure Control Together study, a randomized controlled trial of 159 African Americans (117 females) with uncontrolled hypertension, were obtained. METHODS: To determine the association between sociodemographic factors and nutrient intakes, we constructed linear and logistic regression models. Using logistic regression, we determined the association between below-median nutrient intakes and kidney disease. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Our outcomes of interest were daily intakes of vitamin C, magnesium, dietary fiber, and potassium as estimated by the Block Fruit-Vegetable-Fiber Screener and kidney disease defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 or urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g. RESULTS: Overall, compared to Institute of Medicine recommendations, participants had lower intakes of magnesium, fiber, and potassium but higher vitamin C intakes. For females, sociodemographic factors that significantly associated with lower intake of the 4 nutrients were older age, obesity, lower health numeracy, and lesser educational attainment. For males, none of the sociodemographic factors were significantly associated with nutrient intakes. Below-median intake was significantly associated with albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 3.4 [1.5, 7.8] for vitamin C; 3.6 [1.6, 8.4] for magnesium; 2.9 [1.3, 6.5] for fiber; 3.6 [1.6, 8.4] for potassium), but not with estimated glomerular filtration rate <60. CONCLUSION: African Americans with uncontrolled hypertension may have low intakes of important nutrients, which could increase their risk of chronic kidney disease. Tailored dietary interventions for African Americans at high risk for chronic kidney disease may be warranted.

Effectiveness of informational decision aids and a live donor financial assistance program on pursuit of live kidney transplants in African American hemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: African Americans have persistently poor access to living donor kidney transplants (LDKT). We conducted a small randomized trial to provide preliminary evidence of the effect of informational decision support and donor financial assistance interventions on African American hemodialysis patients' pursuit of LDKT. METHODS: Study participants were randomly assigned to receive (1) Usual Care; (2) the Providing Resources to Enhance African American Patients' Readiness to Make Decisions about Kidney Disease (PREPARED); or (3) PREPARED plus a living kidney donor financial assistance program. Our primary outcome was patients' actions to pursue LDKT (discussions with family, friends, or doctor; initiation or completion of the recipient LDKT medical evaluation; or identification of a donor). We also measured participants' attitudes, concerns, and perceptions of interventions' usefulness. RESULTS: Of 329 screened, 92 patients were eligible and randomized to Usual Care (n = 31), PREPARED (n = 30), or PREPARED plus financial assistance (n = 31). Most participants reported interventions helped their decision making about renal replacement treatments (62%). However there were no statistically significant improvements in LDKT actions among groups over 6 months. Further, no participants utilized the living donor financial assistance benefit. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest these interventions may need to be paired with personal support or navigation services to overcome key communication, logistical, and financial barriers to LDKT. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov [ NCT01439516 ] [August 31, 2011].

Minding the gap and overlap: a literature review of fragmentation of primary care for chronic dialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Care coordination is a challenge for patients with kidney disease, who often see multiple providers to manage their associated complex chronic conditions. Much of the focus has been on primary care physician (PCP) and nephrologist collaboration in the early stages of chronic kidney disease, but less is known about the co-management of the patients in the end-stage of renal disease. We conducted a systematic review and synthesis of empirical studies on primary care services for dialysis patients. METHODS: Systematic literature search of MEDLINE/PubMED, CINAHL, and EmBase databases for studies, published until August 2015. Inclusion criteria included publications in English, empirical studies involving human subjects (e.g., patients, physicians), conducted in US and Canadian study settings that evaluated primary care services in the dialysis patient population. RESULTS: Fourteen articles examined three major themes of primary care services for dialysis patients: perceived roles of providers, estimated time in providing primary care, and the extent of dialysis patients' use of primary care services. There was general agreement among providers that PCPs should be involved but time, appropriate roles, and miscommunication are potential barriers to good primary care for dialysis patients. Although many dialysis patients report having a PCP, the majority rely on primary care from their nephrologists. Studies using administrative data found lower rates of preventive care services than found in studies relying on provider or patient self-report. DISCUSSION: The extant literature revealed gaps and opportunities to optimize primary care services for dialysis patients, foreshadowing the challenges and promise of Accountable Care / End-Stage Seamless Care Organizations and care coordination programs currently underway in the United States to improve clinical and logistical complexities of care for this commonly overlooked population. Studies linking the relationship between providers and patients' receipt of primary care to outcomes will serve as important comparisons to the nascent care models for ESRD patients, whose value is yet to be determined.

Survey of primary care providers' knowledge of screening for, diagnosing and managing prediabetes.

BACKGROUND: Prediabetes affects 86 million US adults, but primary care providers' (PCPs') knowledge, practices, attitudes and beliefs toward prediabetes are unclear. OBJECTIVE: Assess PCPs' (1) knowledge of risk factors that should prompt prediabetes screening, laboratory criteria for diagnosing prediabetes and guidelines for management of prediabetes; (2) management practices around prediabetes; (3) attitudes and beliefs about prediabetes. DESIGN: Self-administered written survey of PCPs. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred forty of 155 PCPs (90%) attending an annual provider retreat for academically affiliated multispecialty practices in the mid-Atlantic region. MAIN MEASURES: Descriptive analyses of survey questions on knowledge, management, and attitudes and beliefs related to prediabetes. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the association between provider characteristics (gender, race/ethnicity, years since training, specialty and provider type) and knowledge, management, and attitudes and beliefs about prediabetes. KEY RESULTS: Six percent of PCPs correctly identified all of the risk factors that should prompt prediabetes screening. Only 17% of PCPs correctly identified the laboratory parameters for diagnosing prediabetes based on both fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c. Nearly 90% of PCPs reported close follow-up (within 6 months) of patients with prediabetes. Few PCPs (11%) selected referral to a behavioral weight loss program as the recommended initial management approach to prediabetes. PCPs agreed that patient-related factors are important barriers to lifestyle change and metformin use. Provider characteristics were generally not associated with knowledge, management, attitudes and beliefs about prediabetes in multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Addressing gaps in knowledge and the underutilization of behavioral weight loss programs in prediabetes are two essential areas where PCPs could take a lead in curbing the diabetes epidemic.

Hospital discharge communications during care transitions for patients with acute kidney injury: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: High quality hospital discharge communications about acute kidney injury (AKI) could facilitate continuity of care after hospital transitions and reduce patients' post-hospitalization health risks. METHODS: We characterized the presence and quality (10 elements) of written hospital discharge communications (physician discharge summaries and patient instructions) for patients hospitalized with AKI at a single institution in 2012 through medical record review. RESULTS: In 75 randomly selected hospitalized patients with AKI, fewer than half of physician discharge summaries and patient instructions documented the presence (n = 33, 44 % and n = 10, 13 %, respectively), cause (n = 32, 43 % and n = 1, 1 %, respectively), or course of AKI (n = 23, 31 %, discharge summary only) during hospitalization. Few provided recommendations for treatment and/or observation specific to AKI (n = 11, 15 and 6, 8 % respectively). In multivariable analyses, discharge communications containing information about AKI were most prevalent among patients with AKI Stage 3, followed by patients with Stage 2 and Stage 1 (adjusted percentages (AP) [95 % CI]: 84 % [39-98 %], 43 % [11-82 %], and 24 % [reference], respectively; p trend = 0.008). AKI discharge communications were also more prevalent among patients with known chronic kidney disease (CKD) versus those without (AP [95 % CI]: 92 % [51-99 %] versus 39 % [reference], respectively, p = 0.02) and among patients discharged from medical versus surgical services (AP [95 % CI]: 73 % [33-93 %] versus 23 % [reference], respectively, p = 0.01). Communications featured 4 median quality elements. Quality elements were greater in communications for patients with more severe AKI (Stage 3 (number of additional quality elements (ß) [95 % CI]: 2.29 [0.87-3.72]), Stage 2 (ß [95 % CI]: 0.62 [-0.65-1.90]) and Stage 1 (reference); p for trend = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Few hospital discharge communications in AKI patients described AKI or provided recommendations for AKI care. Improvements in the quality of hospital discharge communications to improve care transitions of patients with AKI are needed.